1. Prevent the causes of AIDS by educating the public about the toxic effects of the illicit drugs and alcohol; 
2. Limit the use of glucocorticoids in the treatment of chronic conditions and in the treatment of people with AIDS; 
3. Monitor the levels of CD4+  T cells and CD8+ T cells  in the blood of patients who are receiving medium or high therapeutic doses of  glucocorticoids for significant times;
4. Discontinue the treatment of patients with AIDS and asymptomatic patients with AZT and protease inhibitors immediately. These are very toxic medications; 
5. Provide  proper clinical support and nutrition to patients with AIDS based on their medical needs. Prior to the development of full blown AIDS in drug users and homosexuals, the damage is caused by the use of  drugs. 

V1 Evidence that invalidate the HIV-hypothesis. The following is a list of medical facts that invalidate the HIV-hypothesis a claim which states that HIV selectively kills CD4+T cells and causes AIDS.

1. The reduction of CD4+ T cells in HIV positive homosexual men who used rectal steroid was reversed after the cessation of the treatment with corticosteroids (Sharpstone et al., 1996). If the HIV is the cause of AIDS in these patients then the cessation of the steroids will not reverse the disease.
2. The reversal of the reduction of CD4+ T cells in HIV-positive pregnant women following the feeding multivitamin and provided balanced diet disprove the idea that HIV is the cause of AIDS. The average CD4+ T cells increase in these patients from 426/ul to 576/ul (Fawzi, et al. 1998).  
3. The lymph nodes of majority of the 505 HIV-infected individuals showed lymphoid hyperplasia that include T and B cells (Al-Bayati, 1999). 
4. The lymphoid atrophy  observed in HIV-infected patients include reduction in T cells (CD4+ and CD+8), B cells, and stroma (Al-Bayati, 1999; Muro-Cacho, et al., 1995).  
5. HIV particles were found in CD4+, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and other cells  indicating  HIV do not need specific receptors as the HIV-hypothesis predict (Al-Bayati, 1999). 
6. 90% of AIDS cases were reported to be in drugs users and homosexuals and the changes in the lymphoid organs of HIV-negative drug users or homosexuals were similar to those described in HIV-positive drug users and/or homosexual men ( Fauci, et al., 1998; Al-Bayati, 1999). 
7. There are numerous  diseases caused by the use of drugs by inhalation such as lung fibrosis, thrombocytopenia and these diseases are chronically treated with high therapeutic doses of corticosteroids ( Fauci, et al., 1998; Al-Bayati, 1999). The long term use of corticosteroids (3-6 months) at dose levels of 60 mg per day  can cause AIDS in HIV negative patients (Al-Bayati, 1999). 
8. The hemophilia patients are chronically treated with immunosuppressive  agents to prevent the development of antibodies to factor VIII and IX and reductions in T cells have been observed in HIV-positive and HIV negative hemophilia patients on corticosteroids ( Fauci, et al., 1998; Al-Bayati, 1999). 
9. Blood transfusion patients and people with organ transplants develop AIDS after being treated with corticosteroids and the list of opportunistic diseases described in these groups are similar to those described in people with AIDS ( Fauci, et al., 1998). 
10. Patients described with idiopathic  CD4+ T cells lymphocytopenia have identical changes in the lymph node to those in people with AIDS, yet these people were HIV negative( Fauci, et al., 1998; Al-Bayati, 1999). 
11. HIV-negative people with severe malnutrition have AIDS and show severe atrophy of thymus( Fauci, et al., 1998; Al-Bayati, 1999). 
12. The majority  (77%) of the cases (2349) in the four AZT clinical trials with AIDS or reduce immunity were HIV-negative (Fischl, et al., 1987 and 1990; Volberding , et al., 1990; Hamilton, et al., 1992; Al-Bayati, 1999).  
13. The incubation of HIV with T cells in vitro  did not kill any cells for about 4 months (Hoxie, et al., 1985).  14) There are thousands of  cases infected with the HIV and did not show any symptoms for more than 10 years( Fauci, et al., 1998; Al-Bayati, 1999).

Discussion. The proponents of the HIV-hypothesis must be aware of the impact of illicit drug and alcohol abuse on health. However, they choose to discount the AIDS connection. Fauci et al. (1998) stated, “a markedly higher age-specific mortality rate among injection drug users in the general population was documented even before the epidemic of infection with HIV and AIDS. For example, in New York City between 1965 and 1972, the death rate among relatively young (20 to 54-year-olds)  adult heroin addicts not involved in drug-treatment programs was estimated to be five time greater than that among age-matched non-heroin-addicted adults (28.2 per 1000 versus 5.6 per 1000). A substantial portion of this excess mortality was the result of infectious complications of injection drug use”. At least 25 percent of such opiate abusers are likely to die within 10 to 20 years of active abuse”. The same period  (10-20 years) is also given by  A. Fauci and the leaders of the HIV-hypothesis as the incubation time for HIV in the drug users (Fauci et al., 1998 and Al-Bayati, 1999).

The list of health problems induced by drug and alcohol abuse and those resulting from practicing receptive anal sex that required treatment with steroid is extensive. The chronic use of high doses of steroid (40-60 mg per day for several months) can cause AIDS as described in this report.  I also stated above that the chronic use of rectal steroid reduced the CD4+ T cells by 47-85/µL  per year in HIV positive homosexuals. Suppose that a homosexual man has a 1000 CD4+ T cells/µL prior to using rectal steroids to treat the wide range of chronic health problems. In 10 years,  he may  lose  a total of 470-850 cells/µL from the use of rectal steroids leaving him with 150-530 CD4+ T cells/µL. If a homosexual man inhaling cocaine and has respiratory problems that also requires the use of  glucocorticoids,  the period needed for the CD4+ T cells count to reach to a level of 150/µL may be cut into half. This explains very well the high prevalence and the severity of AIDS among HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men without any contribution from the HIV.

Alpha lipoic  acid is a  powerful antioxidant that has been used to prevent injury caused by chemicals in vivo and in vitro and injuries in diabetic patients for the last two decades (Al-Bayati, 1999).  It has been used in Europe to reverse peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients and has been shown to be effective and safe in several clinical trials.  This drug is very effective in preventing and reversing injuries resulting from metabolic changes and/or exposure to chemicals that induce lipid peroxidation . This medication should be given to people with AIDS to boost the immune system and to heal tissue injury  (Al-Bayati, 1999).

As noted earlier the stage of hyperplasia  in the lymph nodes in drug users and in homosexuals HIV-positive or HIV-negative is usually followed by a stage of mixed stage (hyperplasia and atrophy) and then by a state of atrophy.  These lympholytic stages resulted from the chronic use of massive therapeutic doses of steroids to treat the wide range of chronic health condition and from the releases of endogenous steroids (cortisol) induced by the stage of infections and malnutrition. Fauci et al. (998) warned about the use of  glucocorticoids in patients with lymphoadenopathy . They stated that “glucocorticoids should not be used to treat lymphadenopathy because of it’s lympholytic effect. They contribute to delay in healing or activation of underlying infections”. Fauci et al.(1998) also reported that glucocorticoids produce a depletion of lymphoid tissue, especially T cells and impairs cell mediated immunity. Furthermore,  Fauci et al. (1998) provided a long list of opportunistic infections (viral, fungal, bacteria parasitic agents) in organs transplant patients who were treated with steroid and/or other immunosuppressive agents. This list of infections is  very similar to the list of opportunistic infections also reported by Fauci et al. (1998)  in patients with AIDS.

Hyperplasia in the thymus and in the lymphoid organs of the drug users  explains the result of  Kreek’s study cited by Cohen, (1994)  who observed increases in CD4+ T cells of heroin addicts. Kreek reported that 11 long-term heroin users had a mean of 1500 CD4+ T cells/µL which is a significant elevation from normal (normal range of 600 to 1200/µL) and the opposite of what is seen in AIDS, “Heroin is a blessedly untoxic drug: concludes Kreek”. Cohen (1994)  cited the result of  Kreek’s study an argument against Duesberg’s suggestion that the use of illicit drugs is responsible for AIDS and not HIV (Duesberg, 1992a and 1992b). The observations of Kreek and Duesberg are both somewhat correct. The observations by Kreek supports Duesberg’s observation that the use of drugs is the cause of the problem in people having  AIDS after treatment with corticosteroids. The true problem is that the leaders of the HIV-hypothesis and the CDC do not understand the sequence of events that leads to AIDS in patients in each risk groups. They have been ignoring important medical facts related to this subject, including the information presented in their own publications, and are blindly attributing AIDS to the HIV virus.

The medical evidence describing the effect of malnutrition on lymphoid tissues is extensive (Fauci et al., 1998).  Fauci et al. (1998)  also described the health problems in hemophilia patients, such as the formation of inhibitors for factors VIII and XI, the joint problems, and the use of immunosuppressive agent in the treatment regimen of  these  patients. Yet, they ignored all these facts and claimed that the problems in these patients is caused by HIV  leading to the  treatment of these very sick people with extremely toxic drugs (AZT and protease inhibitors).

AIDS patients have been treated with antiviral medications based on the assumption that the  HIV causes AIDS. However, decreasing the plasma viral load does not restore the immune system (Al-Bayati, 1999). The thymus and the lymphoid tissues have very high rates of regeneration. A 50% destruction of the thymus by a chemical agent was restored  within 10 days after cessation of  exposure. If the cause of AIDS is HIV and the antiviral drugs are reducing the viral load, then the patients would recover within days.

Furthermore, according to the clinical trial results of the major four studies on the AZT conducted in the USA between 1987-1992, at least 77% of the patients were HIV-negative prior to their treatment with AZT. However, they claimed that AZT prolonged lives.  The antiviral medications and the glucocorticoids not only fail to cure AIDS but they cause severe damage to sick people. The proponents of the HIV hypothesis failed to anticipate this disaster.

The proponents of HIV  causation are unable to explain medical events in patients with AIDS using the HIV-hypothesis such as the changes in the lymphoid organs and the other medical information.  They describe the disease by  giving  names to conditions to fit  their  hypothesis. For example, “long-term nonprogressors” is a name given to a large number of healthy people who have been infected with HIV for more than 10 years but are without AIDS symptom.  The number of these people living in USA as of January of  1997 was 28,690. The proponents of the HIV-hypothesis cannot explain why  people are living  in perfect health 10 years and more with HIV if HIV kills T cells. The second very obvious example is the people with AIDS but who remain HIV-negative. These are described by the leaders of the HIV-hypothesis as having idiopathic CD4+ T cells lymphocytopenia (ICL). Fauci et al. (1998)  stated that this condition is different from AIDS because the ICL patient shows low CD8+ T cells and B cells counts.  However, in the same book, they stated that people with AIDS also have low B cells and CD8+ T cells counts. These findings seems contradictory.

Next: Acknowledgements

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